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<h1 id="panic"><a class="header" href="#panic">panic!</a></h1>
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<p>The simplest error handling mechanism is to use <code>panic</code>. It just prints an error message and starts unwinding the stack, finally exit the current thread:</p>
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<ul>
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||||
<li>if panic occurred in <code>main</code> thread, then the program will be exited.</li>
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<li>if in spawned thread, then this thread will be terminated, but the program won't</li>
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</ul>
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<ol>
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<li>🌟🌟</li>
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</ol>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable edition2021">
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// FILL the blanks
|
||||
fn drink(beverage: &str) {
|
||||
if beverage == "lemonade" {
|
||||
println!("Success!");
|
||||
// IMPLEMENT the below code
|
||||
__
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
println!("Exercise Failed if printing out this line!");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
drink(__);
|
||||
|
||||
println!("Exercise Failed if printing out this line!");
|
||||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<h2 id="common-panic-cases"><a class="header" href="#common-panic-cases">common panic cases</a></h2>
|
||||
<ol start="2">
|
||||
<li>🌟🌟</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable edition2021">// MAKE the code work by fixing all panics
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
assert_eq!("abc".as_bytes(), [96, 97, 98]);
|
||||
|
||||
let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
|
||||
let ele = v[3];
|
||||
// unwrap may panic when get return a None
|
||||
let ele = v.get(3).unwrap();
|
||||
|
||||
// Sometimes, the compiler is unable to find the overflow errors for you in compile time ,so a panic will occur
|
||||
let v = production_rate_per_hour(2);
|
||||
|
||||
// because of the same reason as above, we have to wrap it in a function to make the panic occur
|
||||
divide(15, 0);
|
||||
|
||||
println!("Success!")
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn divide(x:u8, y:u8) {
|
||||
println!("{}", x / y)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn production_rate_per_hour(speed: u8) -> f64 {
|
||||
let cph: u8 = 221;
|
||||
match speed {
|
||||
1..=4 => (speed * cph) as f64,
|
||||
5..=8 => (speed * cph) as f64 * 0.9,
|
||||
9..=10 => (speed * cph) as f64 * 0.77,
|
||||
_ => 0 as f64,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pub fn working_items_per_minute(speed: u8) -> u32 {
|
||||
(production_rate_per_hour(speed) / 60 as f64) as u32
|
||||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<h3 id="detailed-call-stack"><a class="header" href="#detailed-call-stack">Detailed call stack</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>By default the stack unwinding will only give something like this:</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="language-shell">thread 'main' panicked at 'index out of bounds: the len is 3 but the index is 99', src/main.rs:4:5
|
||||
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<p>Though there is the reason of panic and the line of the code is showing where the panic has occured, sometimes we want to get more info about the call stack.</p>
|
||||
<ol start="3">
|
||||
<li>🌟</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<pre><code class="language-shell">## FILL in the blank to display the whole call stack
|
||||
## Tips: you can find the clue in the default panic info
|
||||
$ __ cargo run
|
||||
thread 'main' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
|
||||
left: `[97, 98, 99]`,
|
||||
right: `[96, 97, 98]`', src/main.rs:3:5
|
||||
stack backtrace:
|
||||
0: rust_begin_unwind
|
||||
at /rustc/9d1b2106e23b1abd32fce1f17267604a5102f57a/library/std/src/panicking.rs:498:5
|
||||
1: core::panicking::panic_fmt
|
||||
at /rustc/9d1b2106e23b1abd32fce1f17267604a5102f57a/library/core/src/panicking.rs:116:14
|
||||
2: core::panicking::assert_failed_inner
|
||||
3: core::panicking::assert_failed
|
||||
at /rustc/9d1b2106e23b1abd32fce1f17267604a5102f57a/library/core/src/panicking.rs:154:5
|
||||
4: study_cargo::main
|
||||
at ./src/main.rs:3:5
|
||||
5: core::ops::function::FnOnce::call_once
|
||||
at /rustc/9d1b2106e23b1abd32fce1f17267604a5102f57a/library/core/src/ops/function.rs:227:5
|
||||
note: Some details are omitted, run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=full` for a verbose backtrace.
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<h3 id="unwinding-and-abort"><a class="header" href="#unwinding-and-abort"><code>unwinding</code> and <code>abort</code></a></h3>
|
||||
<p>By default, when a <code>panic</code> occurs, the program starts <em>unwinding</em>, which means Rust walks back up the stack and cleans up the data from each function it encounters.</p>
|
||||
<p>But this walk back and clean up is a lot of work. The alternative is to immediately abort the program without cleaning up.</p>
|
||||
<p>If in your project you need to make the resulting binary as small as possible, you can switch from unwinding to aborting by adding below content to <code>Cargo.toml</code>:</p>
|
||||
<pre><code class="language-toml">[profile.release]
|
||||
panic = 'abort'
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>You can find the solutions <a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/blob/master/solutions/result-panic/panic.md">here</a>(under the solutions path), but only use it when you need it :)</p>
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<main>
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<h1 id="result-and-"><a class="header" href="#result-and-">result and ?</a></h1>
|
||||
<p><code>Result<T></code> is an enum to describe possible errors. It has two variants:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><code>Ok(T)</code>: A value T was found</li>
|
||||
<li><code>Err(e)</code>: An error was found with a value <code>e</code></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>In short words, the expected outcome is <code>Ok</code>, while the unexpected outcome is <code>Err</code>.</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>🌟🌟</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable edition2021">
|
||||
// FILL in the blanks and FIX the errors
|
||||
use std::num::ParseIntError;
|
||||
|
||||
fn multiply(n1_str: &str, n2_str: &str) -> __ {
|
||||
let n1 = n1_str.parse::<i32>();
|
||||
let n2 = n2_str.parse::<i32>();
|
||||
Ok(n1.unwrap() * n2.unwrap())
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
let result = multiply("10", "2");
|
||||
assert_eq!(result, __);
|
||||
|
||||
let result = multiply("t", "2");
|
||||
assert_eq!(result.__, 8);
|
||||
|
||||
println!("Success!");
|
||||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<h3 id=""><a class="header" href="#">?</a></h3>
|
||||
<p><code>?</code> is almost exactly equivalent to <code>unwrap</code>, but <code>?</code> returns instead of panic on <code>Err</code>.</p>
|
||||
<ol start="2">
|
||||
<li>🌟🌟</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable edition2021">
|
||||
use std::num::ParseIntError;
|
||||
|
||||
// IMPLEMENT multiply with ?
|
||||
// DON'T use unwrap here
|
||||
fn multiply(n1_str: &str, n2_str: &str) -> __ {
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
assert_eq!(multiply("3", "4").unwrap(), 12);
|
||||
println!("Success!");
|
||||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<ol start="3">
|
||||
<li>🌟🌟</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable edition2021">
|
||||
use std::fs::File;
|
||||
use std::io::{self, Read};
|
||||
|
||||
fn read_file1() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
|
||||
let f = File::open("hello.txt");
|
||||
let mut f = match f {
|
||||
Ok(file) => file,
|
||||
Err(e) => return Err(e),
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
let mut s = String::new();
|
||||
match f.read_to_string(&mut s) {
|
||||
Ok(_) => Ok(s),
|
||||
Err(e) => Err(e),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// FILL in the blanks with one code line
|
||||
// DON'T change any code lines
|
||||
fn read_file2() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
|
||||
let mut s = String::new();
|
||||
|
||||
__;
|
||||
|
||||
Ok(s)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
assert_eq!(read_file1().unwrap_err().to_string(), read_file2().unwrap_err().to_string());
|
||||
println!("Success!");
|
||||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<h3 id="map--and_then"><a class="header" href="#map--and_then">map & and_then</a></h3>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/result/enum.Result.html#method.map">map</a> and <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/result/enum.Result.html#method.and_then">and_then</a> are two common combinators for <code>Result<T, E></code> (also for <code>Option<T></code>).</p>
|
||||
<ol start="4">
|
||||
<li>🌟🌟</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable edition2021">use std::num::ParseIntError;
|
||||
|
||||
// FILL in the blank in two ways: map, and then
|
||||
fn add_two(n_str: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {
|
||||
n_str.parse::<i32>().__
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
assert_eq!(add_two("4").unwrap(), 6);
|
||||
|
||||
println!("Success!");
|
||||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<ol start="5">
|
||||
<li>🌟🌟🌟</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable edition2021">use std::num::ParseIntError;
|
||||
|
||||
// With the return type rewritten, we use pattern matching without `unwrap()`.
|
||||
// But it's so Verbose...
|
||||
fn multiply(n1_str: &str, n2_str: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {
|
||||
match n1_str.parse::<i32>() {
|
||||
Ok(n1) => {
|
||||
match n2_str.parse::<i32>() {
|
||||
Ok(n2) => {
|
||||
Ok(n1 * n2)
|
||||
},
|
||||
Err(e) => Err(e),
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
Err(e) => Err(e),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Rewriting `multiply` to make it succinct
|
||||
// You should use BOTH of `and_then` and `map` here.
|
||||
fn multiply1(n1_str: &str, n2_str: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {
|
||||
// IMPLEMENT...
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn print(result: Result<i32, ParseIntError>) {
|
||||
match result {
|
||||
Ok(n) => println!("n is {}", n),
|
||||
Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
// This still presents a reasonable answer.
|
||||
let twenty = multiply1("10", "2");
|
||||
print(twenty);
|
||||
|
||||
// The following now provides a much more helpful error message.
|
||||
let tt = multiply("t", "2");
|
||||
print(tt);
|
||||
|
||||
println!("Success!");
|
||||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<h3 id="type-alias"><a class="header" href="#type-alias">Type alias</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>Using <code>std::result::Result<T, ParseIntError></code> everywhere is verbose and tedious, we can use alias for this purpose.</p>
|
||||
<p>At a module level, creating aliases can be particularly helpful. Errors found in a specific module often has the same <code>Err</code> type, so a single alias can succinctly defined all associated <code>Results</code>. This is so useful even the <code>std</code> library supplies one: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/type.Result.html"><code>io::Result</code></a>.</p>
|
||||
<ol start="6">
|
||||
<li>🌟</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable edition2021">use std::num::ParseIntError;
|
||||
|
||||
// FILL in the blank
|
||||
type __;
|
||||
|
||||
// Use the above alias to refer to our specific `Result` type.
|
||||
fn multiply(first_number_str: &str, second_number_str: &str) -> Res<i32> {
|
||||
first_number_str.parse::<i32>().and_then(|first_number| {
|
||||
second_number_str.parse::<i32>().map(|second_number| first_number * second_number)
|
||||
})
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Here, the alias again allows us to save some space.
|
||||
fn print(result: Res<i32>) {
|
||||
match result {
|
||||
Ok(n) => println!("n is {}", n),
|
||||
Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
print(multiply("10", "2"));
|
||||
print(multiply("t", "2"));
|
||||
|
||||
println!("Success!");
|
||||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<h3 id="using-result-in-fn-main"><a class="header" href="#using-result-in-fn-main">Using Result in <code>fn main</code></a></h3>
|
||||
<p>Typically <code>the</code> main function will look like this:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn main() {
|
||||
println!("Hello World!");
|
||||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>However <code>main</code> is also able to have a return type of <code>Result</code>. If an error occurs within the <code>main</code> function it will return an error code and print a debug representation of the error( Debug trait ).</p>
|
||||
<p>The following example shows such a scenario:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable edition2021">
|
||||
use std::num::ParseIntError;
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() -> Result<(), ParseIntError> {
|
||||
let number_str = "10";
|
||||
let number = match number_str.parse::<i32>() {
|
||||
Ok(number) => number,
|
||||
Err(e) => return Err(e),
|
||||
};
|
||||
println!("{}", number);
|
||||
Ok(())
|
||||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>You can find the solutions <a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/blob/master/solutions/result-panic/result.md">here</a>(under the solutions path), but only use it when you need it :)</p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
|
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